How IP Addresses Apply to Network Interfaces
In order to connect to the network, a computer must have at least one network interface. Each network interface must have its own unique IP address. The IP address that you give to a host is assigned to its network interface, sometimes referred to as the primary network interface. If you add a second network interface to a machine, the machine must have its own unique IP number. When you add a second network interface, the machine changes to a router. See "Configuring Routers" for an explanation. If you add a second network interface to a host and you disable routing, the host is then considered a multihomed host.
Each network interface has a device name, device driver, and an associated device file in the /devices directory. The network interface might have a device name, such as le0 or smc0, device names for two commonly used Ethernet interfaces.
Note - This book assumes that your machines have Ethernet network interfaces. If you plan to use different network media, refer to the manuals that come with the network interface for configuration information.
Naming Entities on Your Network
After you receive your assigned network number and you have given the IP addresses to your hosts, the next task is to assign names to the hosts. Then you must determine how to handle name services on your network. You use these names initially when you set up your network and later when you expand your network through routers or PPP.
The TCP/IP protocols locate a machine on a network by using its IP address. However, if you use a recognizable name, then you can identify the machine easily. Therefore, the TCP/IP protocols (and the Solaris operating environment) require both the IP address and the host name to uniquely identify a machine.
From a TCP/IP perspective, a network is a set of named entities. A host is an entity with a name. A router is an entity with a name. The network is an entity with a name. A group or department in which the network is installed can also be given a name, as can a division, a region, or a company. In theory, the hierarchy of names that can be used to identify a network has virtually no limit. The name identifies a domain.
Administering Host Names
Many sites let users pick host names for their machines. Servers also require at least one host name, which is associated with the IP address of its primary network interface.
As network administrator, you must ensure that each host name in your domain is unique. In other words, no two machines on your network can both have the name "fred." However, the machine "fred" might have multiple IP addresses.
When planning your network, make a list of IP addresses and their associated host names for easy access during the setup process. The list can help you verify that all host names are unique.
Selecting a Name Service
The Solaris operating environment gives you the option of using four types of name services: local files, NIS, NIS+, and DNS. Name services maintain critical information about the machines on a network, such as the host names, IP addresses, Ethernet addresses, and so forth. The Solaris operating environment also gives you the option of using the LDAP directory service.
Network Databases
When you install the operating system, you supply the host name and IP address of your server, clients, or standalone system as part of the procedure. The Solaris installation program enters this information into the hosts and ipnodes network databases. These databases are part of a set of network databases that contain information necessary for TCP/IP operation on your network. The name service that you select for your network reads these databases.
The configuration of the network databases is a critical. Therefore, you need to decide which name service to use as part of the network planning process. Moreover, the decision to use name services also affects whether you organize your network into an administrative domain. "Network Databases and nsswitch.conf File" has detailed information on the set of network databases.
Using NIS, NIS+, or DNS for Name Service
The NIS, NIS+, or DNS name services maintain network databases on several servers on the network. System Administration Guide: Naming and Directory Services (DNS, NIS, and LDAP) and System Administration Guide: Naming and Directory Services (FNS and NIS+) describe these name services. These guides also explain how to configure the databases. In addition, the guides explain the "namespace" and "administrative domain" concepts in detail.
Using Local Files for Name Service
If you do not implement NIS, NIS+, or DNS, the network uses local files to provide name service. The term "local files" refers to the series of files in the /etc directory that the network databases use. The procedures in this book assume you are using local files for your name service, unless otherwise indicated.
Note - If you decide to use local files as the name service for your network, you can set up another name service at a later date.
Domain Names
Many networks organize their hosts and routers into a hierarchy of administrative domains. If you are using NIS, NIS+, or the DNS name services, you must select a domain name for your organization that is unique worldwide. To ensure that your domain name is unique, you should register the domain name with the InterNIC. If you plan to use DNS, you should register your domain name with the InterNIC.
The domain name structure is hierarchical. A new domain typically is located below an existing, related domain. For example, the domain name for a subsidiary company can be located below the domain of the parent company. If the domain name has no other relationship, an organization can place its domain name directly under one of the existing top-level domains.
The following examples show top-level domains:
.com - Commercial companies (international in scope)
.edu - Educational institutions (international in scope)
.gov - U.S. government agencies
.fr - France
The name that identifies your organization is one that you select, with the provision that the name is unique.
Administrative Subdivisions
The question of administrative subdivisions deals with matters of size and control. The more hosts and servers that you have in a network, the more complex your management task. You might want to handle such situations by setting up additional administrative divisions. Add networks of a particular class. Divide existing networks into subnets. The decision about setting up administrative subdivisions for your network is determined by the following factors:
How large is the network?
A single administrative division can handle a single network of several hundred hosts, all in the same physical location and requiring the same administrative services. However, sometimes you should establish several administrative subdivisions. Subdivisions are particularly useful if you have a small network with subnets and the network is scattered over an extensive geographical area.
Do users on the network have similar needs?
For example, you might have a network that is confined to a single building and supports a relatively small number of machines. These machines are divided among a number of subnetworks. Each subnetwork supports groups of users with different needs. In this example, you might use an administrative subdivision for each subnet.
Registering Your Network
Before you assign IP addresses to the machines on your Solaris network, you must obtain a network number from the InterNIC. Moreover, if you are using administrative domains, you should register them with the InterNIC.
InterNIC and InterNIC Registration Services
The InterNIC was created in 1993 to act as a central body for Internet information, such as:
The Internet's policies
Accessing the Internet, including training services
Resources available to Internet users, such as anonymous FTP servers, Usenet user groups, and so on
The InterNIC also includes the InterNIC Registration Services, the organization with which you register your TCP/IP network. The InterNIC Registration Services provide templates for obtaining a network number and for registering your domain. When you register, remember the following points:
The InterNIC assigns network numbers.
Note - Do not arbitrarily assign network numbers to your network, even if you are not attaching the network to other TCP/IP networks.
InterNIC does not assign subnet numbers. Rather, subnet numbers are composed partly of the assigned network number and numbers that you define, as explained in "What Is Subnetting?".
You--not InterNIC--determine the domain name for your network and then register the domain name with the InterNIC.
How to Contact the InterNIC
You can reach the InterNIC Registration Services by the following forms of communication:
Mail
Write to the following address:
Network Solutions Attn: InterNIC Registration Services 505 Huntmar Park Drive Herndon, Virginia 22070
Telephone
The phone number is 1-703-742-4777. Phone service is available from 7 a.m. to 7 p.m. Eastern Standard Time. The domestic toll free phone number is 1-800-779-1710.