The cputrack utility allows CPU performance counters to be used to monitor the behavior of a process or family of processes running on the system. If interval is specified with the -T option, cputrack samples activity every interval seconds, repeating forever. If a count is specified with the -N option, the statistics are repeated count times for each process tracked. If neither are specified, an interval of one second is used. If command and optional args are specified, cputrack runs the command with the arguments given while monitoring the specified CPU performance events. Alternatively, the process ID of an existing process can be specified using the -p option.

Because cputrack is an unprivileged program, it is subject to the same restrictions that apply to truss(1). For example, setuid(2) executables cannot be tracked.

The following options are supported:

-c eventspec

Specifies a set of events for the CPU performance counters to monitor. The list of available events and the syntax of the event specifications for the system can be determined using the -h option. The semantics of these event specifications can be determined by reading the CPU manufacturers documentation for the events. See cpc_strtoevent(3CPC) for a description of the syntax.

Multiple -c options may be specified, in which case cputrack cycles between the different event settings on each sample.

-D

Enables debug mode.

-e

Follows all exec(2), or execve(2) system calls. Without this option, cputrack terminates when the process image is overlaid with a new executable.

-f

Follows all children created by fork(2), fork1(2), or vfork(2) system calls.

-h

Prints an extended help message on how to use the utility and how to program the processor-dependent counters.

-n

Omits all header output (useful if cputrack is the beginning of a pipeline).

-N count

Specifies the maximum number of CPU performance counter samples to take before exiting.

-o outfile

Specifies file to be used for the cputrack output.

-p pid

Interprets the argument as the process ID of an existing process to which process counter context should be attached and monitored.

-t

Prints an additional column of processor cycle counts, if available on the current architecture.

-T interval

Specifies the interval between CPU performance counter samples in seconds.

-v

Enables more verbose output.

The operating system enforces certain restrictions on the tracing of processes. In particular, a command whose object file cannot be read by a user cannot be tracked by that user; set-uid and set-gid commands can only be tracked by a privileged user. Unless it is run by a privileged user, cputrack loses control of any process that performs an exec() of a set-id or unreadable object file. Such processes continue normally, though independently of cputrack, from the point of the exec().

The system may run out of per-user process slots when the -f option is used, since cputrack runs one controlling process for each process being tracked.

The times printed by cputrack correspond to the wallclock time when the hardware counters were actually sampled, instead of when the program told the kernel to sample them. The time is derived from the same timebase as gethrtime(3C).

The cputrack utility attaches performance counter context to each process that it examines. The presence of this context allows the performance counters to be multiplexed between different processes on the system, but it cannot be used at the same time as the cpustat(1M) utility.

Once an instance of the cpustat utility is running, further attempts to run cputrack will fail until all instances of cpustat terminate.

Sometimes cputrack provides sufficient flexibility and prints sufficient statistics to make adding the event selection code to an application unnecessary. However, more control is occasionally desired. Because the same performance counter context is used by both the application itself and by the agent LWP injected into the application by cputrack, it is possible for an application to interact with the counter context to achieve some interesting capabilities. See cpc_count_usr_events(3CPC).

The processor cycle counts enabled by the -t option always apply to both user and system modes, regardless of the settings applied to the performance counter registers.

The output of cputrack is designed to be readily parseable by nawk(1) and perl(1), thereby allowing performance tools to be composed by embedding cputrack in scripts. Alternatively, tools may be constructed directly using the same APIs that cputrack is built upon, using the facilities of libcpc(3LIB) and libpctx(3LIB). See cpc(3CPC).

Although cputrack uses performance counter context to maintain separate performance counter values for each LWP, some of the events that can be counted will inevitably be impacted by other activities occurring on the system, particularly for limited resources that are shared between processes (for example, cache miss rates). For such events, it may also be interesting to observe overall system behavior with cpustat(1M).

For the -T interval option, if interval is specified as zero, no periodic sampling is performed. The performance counters are only sampled when the process creates or destroys an LWP, or it invokes fork(2), exec(2), or exit(2).

SPARC

example% cputrack -fev -c EC_ref,EC_hit /bin/ulimit -c
   time    pid lwp      event      pic0      pic1
  0.032 101200   1   init_lwp         0         0
  0.106 101200   1       fork                     # 101201
  0.115 101201   1   init_lwp         0         0
  0.179 101201   1   fini_lwp      5934      5031
  0.179 101201   1       exec      5934      5031
  0.399 101201   1       exec                     # 'basename /bin/ulimit'
  0.413 101201   1   init_lwp         0         0
  0.435 101201   1   fini_lwp     19780     17234
  0.435 101201   1       exit     19780     17234 unlimited
  0.454 101200   1   fini_lwp     63025     54583
  0.454 101200   1       exit     63025     54583

IA

example% cputrack -c inst_retired,inst_retired,nouser1,sys1 date
   time lwp      event      pic0      pic1
Fri Aug 20 20:03:08 PDT 1999
  0.072   1       exit    246725    339666

By running any instance of the cpustat(1M) utility, all existing performance counter context is forcibly invalidated across the machine. This may in turn cause all invocations of the cputrack command to exit prematurely with unspecified errors.

If cputrack is invoked on a system that has CPU performance counters, but on which the packages containing the kernel support for those counters is not installed, the following message appears:

cputrack: CPU performance counters are inaccessible on this machine

This error message implies that cpc_access() has failed and is documented in cpc_access(3CPC). Review this documentation for more information about the problem and possible solutions.

See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attributes:

nawk(1), perl(1), proc(1), truss(1), prstat(1M), cpustat(1M), exec(2), exit(2), fork(2), setuid(2), vfork(2), gethrtime(3C), cpc(3CPC), cpc_access(3CPC), cpc_count_usr_events(3CPC), cpc_strtoevent(3CPC), libcpc(3LIB), libpctx(3LIB), proc(4), attributes(5)

Sun Microelectronics UltraSPARC I&II User's Manual, January 1997, STP1031, http://www.sun.com/sparc

Intel Architecture Software Developer's Manual, Volume 3: System Programmers Guide, 243192, http://developer.intel.com