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User Commands

pmap(1)

DESCRIPTION
OPTIONS
USAGE
DISPLAY FORMATS
EXAMPLES
EXIT STATUS
FILES
ATTRIBUTES
SEE ALSO

NAME

pmap - display information about the address space of a process

SYNOPSIS

/usr/bin/pmap [-rslF] [ pid | core]...

/usr/bin/pmap -x [-slF] [ pid | core]...

/usr/bin/pmap -S [-lF] [ pid | core]...

DESCRIPTION

The pmap utility prints information about the address space of a process.

OPTIONS

The following options are supported:

-a: Prints anonymous and swap reservations for shared mappings.
-F: Force. Grabs the target process even if another process has control.
-r: Prints the process's reserved addresses.
-s: Prints HAT page size information.

USAGE

The pmap utility prints information about the address space of a process.

Process Mappings

/usr/bin/pmap [ -rslF ]  [ pid | core ] ...

By default, pmap displays the mappings in the virtual address order they are mapped into the process. The mapping size, flags and mapped object name are shown.

Process anon/locked mapping details

/usr/bin/pmap -x [ -aslF ]  [ pid | core ] ...

The -x option displays additional information per mapping. The size of each mapping, the amount of resident physical memory, the amount of anonymous memory, and the amount of memory locked is shown with this option.

Swap Reservations

/usr/bin/pmap -S [ -alF ]  [ pid | core ] ...

The -S option displays swap reservation information per mapping.

DISPLAY FORMATS

One line of output is printed for each mapping within the process, unless the -s option is specified, where one line is printed for a contiguous mapping of each hardware translation page size.

Virtual Address

The first column of output represents the starting virtual address of each mapping. Virtual addresses are displayed in ascending order.

Virtual Mapping Size

The virtual size of each mapping.

Resident Physical Memory

The amount of physical memory resident for each mapping, including that which is shared with other address spaces.

Anonymous Memory

The amount of anonymous memory is reported for each mapping. Anonymous memory shared with other address spaces is not included, unless the -a option is specified.

Anonymous memory is reported for the process heap, stack, for 'copy on write' pages with mappings mapped with MAP_PRIVATE.

Locked

The number of pages locked within the mapping. Typical examples are memory locked with mlock() and System V shared memory created with SHM_SHARE_MMU.

Permissions/Flags

The virtual memory permissions are shown for each mapping. Valid permissions are:

r:: The mapping may be read by the process.
w:: The mapping may be written by the process.
x:: Instructions that reside within the mapping may be executed by the process.

Flags showing additional information for each mapping may be displayed:

s:: The mapping is shared such that changes made in the observed address space are committed to the mapped file, and are visible from all other processes sharing the mapping.
R:: Swap space is not reserved for this mapping. Mappings created with MAP_NORESERVE and System V ISM shared memory mappings do not reserve swap space.

Mapping Name

A descriptive name for each mapping. The following major types of names are displayed for mappings:

A mapped file: For mappings between a process and a file, the pmap command attempts to resolve the file name for each mapping. If the file name cannot be resolved, pmap displays the major and minor number of the device containing the file, and the file system inode number of the file.
Anonymous memory: Memory not relating to any named object or file within the file system is reported as [ anon ].
The pmap command displays common names for certain known anonymous memory mappings, such as:

[ heap ]

The process heap.

[ stack ]

The process stack.

If the common name for the mapping is unknown, pmap displays [ anon ] as the mapping name.
System V Shared Memory: Mappings created using System V shared memory system calls are reported with the names shown below:

shmid=n:

The mapping is a System V shared memory mapping. The shared memory identifier that the mapping was created with is reported.

ism shmid=n:

The mapping is an "Intimate Shared Memory" variant of System V shared memory. ISM mappings are created with the SHM_SHARE_MMU flag set, in accordance with shmat(2) (see shmop(2)).

dism shmid=n:

The mapping is a pageable variant of ISM. Pageable ISM is created with the SHM_PAGEABLE flag set in accordance with shmat(2) (see shmop(2)).
Other: Mappings of other objects, including devices such as frame buffers. No mapping name is shown for other mapped objects.

EXAMPLES

Example 1. Displaying process mappings

By default, pmap prints one line for each mapping within the address space of the target process. The following example displays the address space of a typical bourne shell:

     example$ pmap 102905
     102905:    sh
     00010000    192K r-x--  /usr/bin/ksh
     00040000      8K rwx--  /usr/bin/ksh
     00042000     40K rwx--    [ heap ]
     FF180000    664K r-x--  /usr/lib/libc.so.1
     FF236000     24K rwx--  /usr/lib/libc.so.1
     FF23C000      8K rwx--  /usr/lib/libc.so.1
     FF250000      8K rwx--    [ anon ]
     FF260000     16K r-x--  /usr/lib/en_US.ISO8859-1.so.2
     FF272000     16K rwx--  /usr/lib/en_US.ISO8859-1.so.2
     FF280000    560K r-x--  /usr/lib/libnsl.so.1
     FF31C000     32K rwx--  /usr/lib/libnsl.so.1
     FF324000     32K rwx--  /usr/lib/libnsl.so.1
     FF340000     16K r-x--  /usr/lib/libc_psr.so.1
     FF350000     16K r-x--  /usr/lib/libmp.so.2
     FF364000      8K rwx--  /usr/lib/libmp.so.2
     FF380000     40K r-x--  /usr/lib/libsocket.so.1
     FF39A000      8K rwx--  /usr/lib/libsocket.so.1
     FF3A0000      8K r-x--  /usr/lib/libdl.so.1
     FF3B0000      8K rwx--    [ anon ]
     FF3C0000    152K r-x--  /usr/lib/ld.so.1
     FF3F6000      8K rwx--  /usr/lib/ld.so.1
     FFBFC000     16K rw---    [ stack ]
      total     1880K

Example 2. Displaying memory allocation and mapping types

The -x option can be used to provide information about the memory allocation and mapping types per mapping. The amount of resident, non-shared anonymous, and locked memory is shown for each mapping:

      example$ pmap -x 102908
      102908:   sh
      Address   Kbytes Resident   Anon  Locked Mode   Mapped File
      00010000      88      88       -       - r-x--  sh
      00036000       8       8       8       - rwx--  sh
      00038000      16      16      16       - rwx--    [ heap ]
      FF260000      16      16       -       - r-x--  en_US.ISO8859-1.so.2
      FF272000      16      16       -       - rwx--  en_US.ISO8859-1.so.2
      FF280000     664     624       -       - r-x--  libc.so.1
      FF336000      32      32       8       - rwx--  libc.so.1
      FF360000      16      16       -       - r-x--  libc_psr.so.1
      FF380000      24      24       -       - r-x--  libgen.so.1
      FF396000       8       8       -       - rwx--  libgen.so.1
      FF3A0000       8       8       -       - r-x--  libdl.so.1
      FF3B0000       8       8       8       - rwx--    [ anon ]
      FF3C0000     152     152       -       - r-x--  ld.so.1
      FF3F6000       8       8       8       - rwx--  ld.so.1
      FFBFE000       8       8       8       - rw---    [ stack ]
      --------   -----   -----   -----   ------
      total Kb    1072    1032      56       -

The amount of incremental memory used by each additional instance of a process can be estimated by using the resident and anonymous memory counts of each mapping.

In the above example, the bourne shell has a resident memory size of 1032Kbytes. However, a large amount of the physical memory used by the shell is shared with other instances of shell. Another identical instance of the shell will share physical memory with the other shell where possible, and allocate anonymous memory for any non-shared portion. In the above example, each additional bourne shell uses approximately 56Kbytes of additional physical memory.

A more complex example shows the output format for a process containing different mapping types. In this example, the mappings are as follows:

        0001000: Executable text, mapped from 'maps' program

        0002000: Executable data, mapped from 'maps' program

        0002200: Program heap


        0300000: A mapped file, mapped MAP_SHARED
        0400000: A mapped file, mapped MAP_PRIVATE

        0500000: A mapped file, mapped MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_NORESERVE

        0600000: Anonymous memory, created by mapping /dev/zero

        0700000: Anonymous memory, created by mapping /dev/zero
                 with MAP_NORESERVE

        0800000: A DISM shared memory mapping, created with SHM_PAGEABLE
                 with 8MB locked via mlock(2)

        0900000: A DISM shared memory mapping, created with SHM_PAGEABLE,
                 with 4MB of its pages touched.

        0A00000: A DISM shared memory mapping, created with SHM_PAGEABLE,
                 with none of its pages touched.

        0B00000: An ISM shared memory mapping, created with SHM_SHARE_MMU

        example$ pmap -xs 15492
        15492:  ./maps
         Address  Kbytes     RSS    Anon  Locked Mode   Mapped File
        00010000       8       8       -       - r-x--  maps
        00020000       8       8       8       - rwx--  maps
        00022000   20344   16248   16248       - rwx--    [ heap ]
        03000000    1024    1024       -       - rw-s-  dev:0,2 ino:4628487
        04000000    1024    1024     512       - rw---  dev:0,2 ino:4628487
        05000000    1024    1024     512       - rw--R  dev:0,2 ino:4628487
        06000000    1024    1024    1024       - rw---    [ anon ]
        07000000     512     512     512       - rw--R    [ anon ]
        08000000    8192    8192       -    8192 rwxs-    [ dism shmid=0x5]
        09000000    8192    4096       -       - rwxs-    [ dism shmid=0x4]
        0A000000    8192    8192       -    8192 rwxsR    [ ism shmid=0x2 ]
        0B000000    8192    8192       -    8192 rwxsR    [ ism shmid=0x3 ]
        FF280000     680     672       -       - r-x--  libc.so.1
        FF33A000      32      32      32       - rwx--  libc.so.1
        FF390000       8       8       -       - r-x--  libc_psr.so.1
        FF3A0000       8       8       -       - r-x--  libdl.so.1
        FF3B0000       8       8       8       - rwx--    [ anon ]
        FF3C0000     152     152       -       - r-x--  ld.so.1
        FF3F6000       8       8       8       - rwx--  ld.so.1
        FFBFA000      24      24      24       - rwx--    [ stack ]
        -------- ------- ------- ------- -------
        total Kb   50464   42264   18888   16384

Example 3. Displaying Page Size Information

The -s option can be used to display the hardware translation page sizes for each portion of the address space. (See memcntl(2) for futher information on Solaris multiple page size support).

In the example below, we can see that the majority of the mappings are using an 8K-Byte page size, while the heap is using a 4M-Byte page size.

Notice that non-contiguous regions of resident pages of the same page size are reported as separate mappings. In the example below, the libc.so library is reported as separate mappings, since only some of the libc.so text is resident:

example$ pmap -xs 15492
15492:  ./maps
 Address  Kbytes     RSS    Anon  Locked Pgsz Mode   Mapped File
00010000       8       8       -       -   8K r-x--  maps
00020000       8       8       8       -   8K rwx--  maps
00022000    3960    3960    3960       -   8K rwx--    [ heap ]
00400000    8192    8192    8192       -   4M rwx--    [ heap ]
00C00000    4096       -       -       -    - rwx--    [ heap ]
01000000    4096    4096    4096       -   4M rwx--    [ heap ]
03000000    1024    1024       -       -   8K rw-s-  dev:0,2 ino:4628487
04000000     512     512     512       -   8K rw---  dev:0,2 ino:4628487
04080000     512     512       -       -    - rw---  dev:0,2 ino:4628487
05000000     512     512     512       -   8K rw--R  dev:0,2 ino:4628487
05080000     512     512       -       -    - rw--R  dev:0,2 ino:4628487
06000000    1024    1024    1024       -   8K rw---    [ anon ]
07000000     512     512     512       -   8K rw--R    [ anon ]
08000000    8192    8192       -    8192    - rwxs-    [ dism shmid=0x5 ]
09000000    4096    4096       -       -   8K rwxs-    [ dism shmid=0x4 ]
0A000000    4096       -       -       -    - rwxs-    [ dism shmid=0x2 ]
0B000000    8192    8192       -    8192   4M rwxsR    [ ism shmid=0x3 ]
FF280000     136     136       -       -   8K r-x--  libc.so.1
FF2A2000     120     120       -       -    - r-x--  libc.so.1
FF2C0000     128     128       -       -   8K r-x--  libc.so.1
FF2E0000     200     200       -       -    - r-x--  libc.so.1
FF312000      48      48       -       -   8K r-x--  libc.so.1
FF31E000      48      40       -       -    - r-x--  libc.so.1
FF33A000      32      32      32       -   8K rwx--  libc.so.1
FF390000       8       8       -       -   8K r-x--  libc_psr.so.1
FF3A0000       8       8       -       -   8K r-x--  libdl.so.1
FF3B0000       8       8       8       -   8K rwx--    [ anon ]
FF3C0000     152     152       -       -   8K r-x--  ld.so.1
FF3F6000       8       8       8       -   8K rwx--  ld.so.1
FFBFA000      24      24      24       -   8K rwx--    [ stack ]
-------- ------- ------- ------- -------
total Kb   50464   42264   18888   16384

Example 4. Displaying swap reservations

The -S option can be used to describe the swap reservations for a process. The amount of swap space reserved is displayed for each mapping within the process. Swap reservations are reported as zero for shared mappings, since they are accounted for only once system wide.

        example$ pmap -S 15492
        15492:  ./maps
         Address  Kbytes    Swap Mode   Mapped File
        00010000       8       - r-x--  maps
        00020000       8       8 rwx--  maps
        00022000   20344   20344 rwx--    [ heap ]
        03000000    1024       - rw-s-  dev:0,2 ino:4628487
        04000000    1024    1024 rw---  dev:0,2 ino:4628487
        05000000    1024     512 rw--R  dev:0,2 ino:4628487
        06000000    1024    1024 rw---    [ anon ]
        07000000     512     512 rw--R    [ anon ]
        08000000    8192       - rwxs-    [ dism shmid=0x5]
        09000000    8192       - rwxs-    [ dism shmid=0x4]
        0A000000    8192       - rwxs-    [ dism shmid=0x2]
        0B000000    8192       - rwxsR    [ ism shmid=0x3]
        FF280000     680       - r-x--  libc.so.1
        FF33A000      32      32 rwx--  libc.so.1
        FF390000       8       - r-x--  libc_psr.so.1
        FF3A0000       8       - r-x--  libdl.so.1
        FF3B0000       8       8 rwx--    [ anon ]
        FF3C0000     152       - r-x--  ld.so.1
        FF3F6000       8       8 rwx--  ld.so.1
        FFBFA000      24      24 rwx--    [ stack ]
        -------- ------- -------
        total Kb   50464   23496

The swap reservation information can be used to estimate the amount of virtual swap used by each additional process. Each process consumes virtual swap from a global virtual swap pool. Global swap reservations are reported by the 'avail' field of the swap(1M) command.

EXIT STATUS

The following exit values are returned:

0: Successful operation.
non-zero: An error has occurred.

FILES

/proc/*: process files
/usr/proc/lib/*: proc tools supporting files

ATTRIBUTES

See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attributes:

ATTRIBUTE TYPE	ATTRIBUTE VALUE
Availability	SUNWesu (32-bit)
	SUNWesxu (64-bit)
Interface Stability
Command Syntax	Evolving
Output Format(s)	Unstable