The e, g, v, k, p, q, w, =, !, and null commands operate as described under ed(1). Commands such as ---, +++-, +++=, -12, and +4p are accepted. Note that 1,10p and 1,10 will both print the first ten lines. The f command only prints the name of the file being scanned; there is no remembered file name. The w command is independent of output diversion, truncation, or crunching (see the xo, xt, and xc commands, below). The following additional commands are available:

xf file

Further commands are taken from the named file. When an end-of-file is reached, an interrupt signal is received or an error occurs, reading resumes with the file containing the xf. The xf commands may be nested to a depth of 10.

xn

List the marks currently in use (marks are set by the k command).

xo [file]

Further output from the p and null commands is diverted to the named file, which, if necessary, is created mode 666 (readable and writable by everyone), unless your umask setting (see umask(1)) dictates otherwise. If file is missing, output is diverted to the standard output. Note that each diversion causes truncation or creation of the file.

: label

This positions a label in a command file. The label is terminated by new-line, and blanks between the : (colon) and the start of the label are ignored. This command may also be used to insert comments into a command file, since labels need not be referenced.

( . , . )xb/regular expression/label

A jump (either upward or downward) is made to label if the command succeeds. It fails under any of the following conditions:

1. Either address is not between 1 and $.
2. The second address is less than the first.
3. The regular expression does not match at least one line in the specified range, including the first and last lines.

On success, . (dot) is set to the line matched and a jump is made to label. This command is the only one that does not issue an error message on bad addresses, so it may be used to test whether addresses are bad before other commands are executed. Note that the command, xb/^/ label, is an unconditional jump.

The xb command is allowed only if it is read from someplace other than a terminal. If it is read from a pipe, only a downward jump is possible.

xt number

Output from the p and null commands is truncated to, at most, number characters. The initial number is 255.

xv[digit][spaces][value]

The variable name is the specified digit following the xv. The commands xv5100 or xv5 100 both assign the value 100 to the variable 5. The command xv61,100p assigns the value 1,100p to the variable 6. To reference a variable, put a % in front of the variable name. For example, using the above assignments for variables 5 and 6:

1,%5p 1,%5 %6

will all print the first 100 lines.

g/%5/p

would globally search for the characters 100 and print each line containing a match. To escape the special meaning of %, a \ must precede it.

g/".*\%[cds]/p

could be used to match and list %c, %d, or %s formats (for example, "printf"-like statements) of characters, decimal integers, or strings. Another feature of the xv command is that the first line of output from a UNIX system command can be stored into a variable. The only requirement is that the first character of value be an !. For example:

.w junk xv5!cat junk !rm junk !echo "%5" xv6!expr %6 + 1

would put the current line into variable 35, print it, and increment the variable 36 by one. To escape the special meaning of ! as the first character of value, precede it with a \.

xv7\!date

stores the value !date into variable 7.

xbz label

xbn label

These two commands will test the last saved return code from the execution of a UNIX system command (!command) or nonzero value, respectively, to the specified label. The two examples below both search for the next five lines containing the string size:

Example 1:

xv55 : l /size/ xv5!expr %5 - 1 !if 0%5 != 0 exit 2 xbn l

Example 2:

xv45 : l /size/ xv4!expr %4 - 1 !if 0%4 = 0 exit 2 xbz l

xc [switch]

If switch is 1, output from the p and null commands is crunched; if switch is 0, it is not. Without an argument, xc reverses switch. Initially, switch is set for no crunching. Crunched output has strings of tabs and blanks reduced to one blank and blank lines suppressed.